Quinoline is found in alcoholic beverages. Quinoline is an alkaloid from various plant species including Mentha species. Also present in cocoa, black tea and scotch whiskey. Quinoline is a flavouring ingredient Quinoline is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It has the formula C9H7N and is a colourless hygroscopic liquid with a strong odour. Aged samples, if exposed to light, become yellow and later brown. Quinoline is only slightly soluble in cold water but dissolves readily in hot water and most organic solvents.Quinoline is mainly used as a building block to other specialty chemicals.

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Quinoline

What are Antimalarial quinolines?

Antimalarial quinolines are used to prevent and treat malaria. During the blood stages of the life cycle of malaria parasite the parasite needs to degrade hemoglobin. Hemoglobin digestion releases free heme that is toxic to the parasite, so it is then polymerised to non toxic hemozoin. Antimalarial quinolines are thought to interfere with this polymerisation and kills the malaria parasite by the accumulation of toxic free heme.

Drug Classes Anti-infectives Antimalarial AgentsAntimalarial Quinolines

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Antimalarial quinolines

What are Antimalarial quinolines?

Antimalarial quinolines are used to prevent and treat malaria. During the blood stages of the life cycle of malaria parasite the parasite needs to degrade hemoglobin. Hemoglobin digestion releases free heme that is toxic to the parasite, so it is then polymerised to non toxic hemozoin. Antimalarial quinolines are thought to interfere with this polymerisation and kills the malaria parasite by the accumulation of toxic free heme.

List of Antimalarial quinolines:

Drug Name Reviews Avg. Ratings

Aralen Phosphate

Generic name: chloroquine

Qualaquin (Pro)

Generic name: quinine

Arakoda (Pro)

Generic name: tafenoquine

Plaquenil (Pro)

Generic name: hydroxychloroquine

Lariam (Pro)

Generic name: mefloquine

Aralen (Pro)

Generic name: chloroquine

Krintafel (Pro)

Generic name: tafenoquine

COVID19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus. In 2017 they already knew of treatments and did nothing to prepare for a potential Pandemic

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Current Therapeutic Options and Potential Targets for Novel Therapies

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5733787/

Abstract

No specific antivirals are currently available for two emerging infectious diseases, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). A literature search was performed covering pathogenesis, clinical features and therapeutics, clinically developed drugs for repurposing and novel drug targets. This review presents current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features of theSARS and MERS coronaviruses. The rationale for and outcomes with treatments used for SARS and MERS is discussed. The main focus of the review is on drug development and the potential that drugs approved for other indications provide for repurposing. The drugs we discuss belong to a wide range of different drug classes, such as cancer therapeutics, antipsychotics, and antimalarials. In addition to their activity against MERS and SARS coronaviruses, many of these approved drugs have broad-spectrum potential and have already been in clinical use for treating other viral infections. A wealth of knowledge is available for these drugs. However, the information in this review is not meant to guide clinical decisions, and any therapeutic described here should only be used in context of a clinical trial. Potential targets for novel antivirals and antibodies are discussed as well as lessons learned from treatment development for other RNA viruses. The article concludes with a discussion of the gaps in our knowledge and areas for future research on emerging coronaviruses.

Who will ask the Questions about this INCOMPETENCE and CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE?

>>9217748

Repurposing of Clinically Developed Drugs for Treatment of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4136000/

Both chlorpromazine hydrochloride and triflupromazine hydrochloride strongly inhibit MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, with micromolar EC50s (range, 5.76M to 12.9M) and low toxicity (Fig. 2B

and C). No significant difference was observed between the effects

of these drugs on MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV; for example, triflupromazine hydrochloride inhibits both MERS-CoV and SARSCoV with approximately the same EC50 (5.76 M and 6.39 M,

respectively [Fig. 2C]). The similarity in the structures of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and triflupromazine hydrochloride

would suggest that they inhibit MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV using

the same mechanism of action. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride

has been used to study virus entry by clathrin-mediated endocytosis of several viruses, including West Nile virus (WNV) and

influenza virus (27–31). SARS-CoV also utilizes the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway for entry (32), suggesting that this

drug may act similarly on MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV and have

potential as a broad-spectrum coronavirus inhibitor.

Full paper is attached as PDF

Please share with local physicians and medical schools and pharmacy board asking them why research from 2014 has not been followed up BEFORE a pandemic strikes?

Include the following publication reference if you give this to a professional and the nih.gov URL above.

Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014 Aug; 58(8): 4885–4893.