The point is that VQC suddenly brought up sqrt(2d), sqrt(e) and sqrt(f) out of the blue when he started posting code comments, and he didn't explain why he brought them up at all. Since 2d(n-1) + nn + f - 1 is a square (since it equals (x+n)(x+n)), taking the square root will give us (x+n). Taking the square root of f means taking the square root of 2d+1-e. That means this could potentially be why he brought up sqrt(2d) and sqrt(e). So if we can isolate sqrt(2d) and/or sqrt(e) from that equation that we use to calculate x+n, we might know what it's used for. So do you think you could do that? Because I can't remember how you're meant to isolate a variable from sqrt(x+y), and neither does the only other person I've gone through this with here. For all I know you might be able to do it with logs but it's been a while since I've done anything with logs.