Anonymous ID: aa8aa3 July 30, 2021, 11:09 p.m. No.14235526   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5532

>>14235092

>The vax is like lactaid, spider venom or stomach acid

 

https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-017-3987-9

 

Background

Spiders are predaceous arthropods that are capable of subduing and consuming relatively large prey items compared to their own body size. For this purpose, spiders have evolved potent venoms to immobilise prey and digestive fluids that break down nutrients inside the prey’s body by means of extra-oral digestion (EOD). Both secretions contain an array of active proteins, and an overlap of some components has been anecdotally reported, but not quantified. We systematically investigated the extent of such protein overlap. As venom injection and EOD succeed each other, we further infer functional explanations, and, by comparing two spider species belonging to different clades, assess its adaptive significance for spider EOD in general.

 

Characterisation of protein families in spider digestive fluids and their role in extra-oral digestion

André Walter, Jesper Bechsgaard, Carsten Scavenius, Thomas S. Dyrlund, Kristian W. Sanggaard, Jan J. Enghild & Trine Bilde

BMC Genomics volume 18, Article number: 600 (2017)

Anonymous ID: aa8aa3 July 30, 2021, 11:10 p.m. No.14235532   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5545

>>14235526

"Results

We describe the protein composition of the digestive fluids of the mygalomorph Acanthoscurria geniculata and the araneomorph Stegodyphus mimosarum, in comparison with previously published data on a third spider species. We found a number of similar hydrolases being highly abundant in all three species. Among them, members of the family of astacin-like metalloproteases were particularly abundant. While the importance of these proteases in spider venom and digestive fluid was previously noted, we now highlight their widespread use across different spider taxa. Finally, we found species specific differences in the protein overlap between venom and digestive fluid, with the difference being significantly greater in S. mimosarum compared to A. geniculata.

 

Conclusions

The injection of venom precedes the injection with digestive fluid, and the overlap of proteins between venom and digestive fluid suggests an early involvement in EOD. Species specific differences in the overlap may reflect differences in ecology between our two study species. The protein composition of the digestive fluid of all the three species we compared is highly similar, suggesting that the cocktail of enzymes is highly conserved and adapted to spider EOD."

 

Extra Oral Digestion

 

redaceous arthropods often face the ironic issue of being capable of subduing large prey without being able to mechanically break it up. Eighty percent of the known species tackle the problem by the use of extra-oral digestion, EOD [1], where the major break down of prey tissues takes place outside the predators’ body. The use of an array of digestive enzymes facilitates the consumption of the prey by liquefying its tissues before ingesting it. Spiders are one of the prominent examples for this curious adaptation. Moreover, they have almost exclusively evolved the use of silk to trap and immobilise prey. While free hunting species attack their prey directly and may wrap it in silk afterwards, web building spiders also use their silk to construct prey traps. The extraordinary mechanical strength of that material effectively absorbs the energy of struggling prey [2, 3]. Finally, many spiders are equipped with potent and biochemically complex venoms [4], which they use to sedate and kill prey items before consumption. The combination of EOD, silk and venom use allows these predators to exploit a wide spectrum of insect prey that can be many times larger than the attacking spider [5, 6].

 

Once captured and secured, the relative size of some insect prey and the rigidity of their exoskeleton limits the use of mechanical comminution to extract prey nutrients. Consequently, the evolution of EOD is tightly linked with the evolution of silk and venom use, and EOD in particular can be regarded as an expression of an extended phenotype [7]. Studies focussing on the behavioural adaptations to different life styles in spiders, cursorial or web building, diurnal or nocturnal, attack wrapping or bite attacking (based on venom use), are numerous. The molecular background with respect to the proteins used for silk, venom and digestive fluids, however, is still understudied. Which role do the different molecular components play in the realisation of the strategies used by the spiders? While proteomic techniques have already been deployed to progress our understanding of the composition, function and synthesis of spider silk [3, 8,9,10,11] and venom [4, 10, 12,13,14], investigations on the components and functionality of spider digestive fluids have only begun very recently [15]. Yet, several aspects of the feeding ecology of spiders prompt fascinating questions concerning the biomolecular composition of these fluids that may help us to understand the evolution of EOD. First, spiders can fast for a long period of time, which requires the active proteins in digestive fluids to be synthesised rather quickly or be reasonable stable over longer times. Second, the use of enzymes outside the protective milieu of the spiders’ body requires the incorporation of assisting proteins that regulate the activity and decelerate the degradation of active components in the open or in the unpredictable environment inside the prey’s body. Third, enzymes in digestive fluids need to be very potent as only very small amounts are produced and released by the spider to quickly dissolve a potentially large amount of prey tissues [16]. Finally, the mode of digesting extra-orally may have a beneficial side effect as it allows spiders to defend themselves against infections before potential pathogens enter their body. It may therefore not surprise if immune proteins are found in digestive fluids [15].

Anonymous ID: aa8aa3 July 30, 2021, 11:14 p.m. No.14235545   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5589 >>5596 >>5603 >>5605 >>5680

>>14235532

Spider digestion enzymes in Covid-19 vaxx, per stanford (see pic)

 

"Insects are the main prey of spiders and are rich in proteins and lipids [17, 18]. Hence, spider digestive fluids are expected to be rich in proteases and lipases. In a pioneering study, the protein composition of digestive fluids of the orb web spider Nephilingis (Nephilengys) cruentata was investigated, and was shown to consist of a mix of hydrolases such as lipases and proteases, but also toxins and regulatory proteins [15]. A very abundant type of protein found was astacin-like metalloproteases (MEROPS peptidase database: http://merops.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/famsum?family=M12) with 26 different copies present. Interestingly, this group of enzymes have also been found in spider venoms [19], suggesting that the venom may also have a digestive function [20]. As the venom injection usually precedes the release of digestive fluids it seems plausible that some of the venom components may pave the way to facilitate the effectiveness of the digestive enzymes [21, 22]. For example,Sanggaard et al. [10] identified hyaluronidases in the venom of the mygalomorph spider Acanthoscurria geniculata. These enzymes break down the extracellular matrix inside the prey’s body[23] for the toxins to be spread more quickly. However, the same effect is also applicable for facilitating the spread and efficiency of digestive enzymes injected after the venom. So far, the nature and number of proteins overlapping in the two secretions, digestive fluid and venom, have not yet been specifically analysed."

Anonymous ID: aa8aa3 July 30, 2021, 11:29 p.m. No.14235603   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>5627 >>5832

>>14235545

>>14235589

 

"General information

Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that depolymerizes the mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid, which is a component of the mucoprotein ground substance or tissue cement and thus increases membrane permeability, reduces viscosity, and makes tissues more readily permeable [1].It is found in snake venoms [2,3] and in the venoms of Hymenoptera, such as honey bees and yellow jacket wasps[4]."

 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/hyaluronidase

Anonymous ID: aa8aa3 July 31, 2021, 12:25 a.m. No.14235832   🗄️.is 🔗kun

>>14235603

>Hyaluronidase

w/ nanographene

 

Multifunctional hyaluronic acid modified graphene oxideloaded with mitoxantrone for overcoming drug resistance in cancer

Lin Hou1, Qianhua Feng1, Yating Wang1, Xiaomin Yang1, Junxiao Ren1, Yuyang Shi1, Xiaoning Shan1, Yujie Yuan1, Yongchao Wang1 and Zhenzhong Zhang1

 

Published 23 November 2015 • © 2016 IOP Publishing Ltd

Nanotechnology, Volume 27, Number 1

Citation Lin Hou et al 2016 Nanotechnology 27 015701

 

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/27/1/015701