https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea-Spray#:~:text=Operation%20Sea-Spray%20was%20a%201950%20U.S.%20Navy%20secret,the%20pathogens%20off%20the%20shore%20of%20San%20Francisco.

Operation Sea-Spray was a 1950 U.S. Navy secret biological warfare experiment in which Serratia marcescens and Bacillus globigii bacteria were sprayed over the San Francisco Bay Area in California, in order to determine how vulnerable a city like San Francisco may be to a bioweapon attack

Military test

Starting on September 20, 1950 and continuing until September 27, the U.S. Navy released the two types of bacteria from a ship off the shore of San Francisco, believing them to be harmless to humans. Based on results from monitoring equipment at 43 locations around the city, the Army determined that San Francisco had received enough of a dose for nearly all of the city's 800,000 residents to inhale at least 5,000 of the particles.[5][6][7][8]

Illnesses

On October 11, 1950, eleven residents checked into Stanford Hospital for very rare, serious urinary tract infections. Although ten residents recovered, one patient, Edward J. Nevin, died three weeks later. None of the other hospitals in the city reported similar spikes in cases, and all 11 victims had urinary-tract infections following medical procedures, suggesting that the source of their infections lay inside the hospital.[5] Cases of pneumonia in San Francisco also increased after Serratia marcescens was released, though a causal relation has not been conclusively established.[9][10] The bacterium was also combined with phenol and an anthrax simulant and sprayed across south Dorset by US and UK military scientists as part of the DICE trials that ran from 1971 to 1975.[5][11]

The urinary tract outbreak was so unusual that the Stanford doctors wrote it up for a medical journal.[7]

There was no evidence that the Army had alerted health authorities before it blanketed the region with bacteria. Doctors later wondered whether the experiment might be responsible for heart valve infections around the same time as well as serious infections seen among intravenous drug users in the 1960s and 1970s.[12]

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>Operation Sea-Spray

-Senate subcommittee hearings–

In 1977, the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research held a series of hearings at which the U.S. Army disclosed the existence of the tests.[13] Army officials noted the pneumonia outbreak in their testimony but said any link to their experiments was totally coincidental. The Army pointed out that no other hospitals reported similar outbreaks and all 11 victims had urinary-tract infections following medical procedures, suggesting that the source of their infections lay inside the hospital.[5]

Lawsuit

In 1981, Nevin's surviving family members filed suit against the federal government, alleging negligence and responsibility for the death of Edward J. Nevin, as well as financial and emotional harm caused to Mr. Nevin's wife from the medical costs.

The lower court ruled against them primarily because the bacteria used in the test was unproven to be responsible for Mr. Nevin's death. The Nevin family appealed the suit all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to overturn lower court judgments.[5][14][15][16]

Similar biological warfare tests

In the Senate subcommittee hearings in 1977, the Army revealed:

Between 1949 and 1969, open-air tests of biological agents were conducted 239 times. In 80 of those experiments, the Army said it used live bacteria that its researchers at the time thought were harmless. In the others, it used inert chemicals to simulate bacteria.

In the 1950s, army researchers dispersed Serratia on Panama City and Key West Florida with no known illnesses resulting.

In the 1950s, army researchers dispersed zinc cadmium sulfide (now a known cancer-causing agent) over Minnesota and other Midwestern states to see how far they would spread in the atmosphere. The particles were detected more than 1,000 miles away in New York state.

Bacillus globigii, never shown to be harmful to people, was released in San Francisco, New York, Washington, D.C., and along the Pennsylvania Turnpike, among other places.

In New York, military researchers in 1966 spread Bacillus subtilis variant Niger, also believed to be harmless, in the subway system by dropping lightbulbs filled with the bacteria onto tracks in stations in midtown Manhattan. The bacteria were carried for miles throughout the subway system. Army officials concluded in a January 1968 report that: "Similar covert attacks with a pathogenic disease-causing agent during peak traffic periods could be expected to expose large numbers of people to infection and subsequent illness or death."

In a May 1965 secret release of Bacillus globigii at Washington's National Airport and its Greyhound Lines bus terminal, more than 130 passengers were exposed to the bacteria traveling to 39 cities in seven states in the two weeks following the mock attack.[5]

See also

San Francisco Bay Area portal

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning

Operation Northwoods

https://www.usubc.org/site/member-news/abbott-laboratories-joins-u-s-ukraine-business-council-usubc

ABBOTT LABORATORIES JOINS U.S.-UKRAINE BUSINESS COUNCIL (USUBC)

Washington, D.C., Thursday, July 14, 2011

Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, Illinois, a Fortune 500 company and a leading global health care company, has been approved for membership in the U.S.-Ukraine Business Council (USUBC), the USUBC executive committee announced today on behalf of the entire USUBC membership of over 165 companies and organizations who have business operations, investments or other development programs in Ukraine.

About Abbott

Abbott is a global, broad-based health care company devoted to the discovery, development, manufacture and marketing of pharmaceuticals and medical products, including nutritionals, devices and diagnostics. The company employs nearly 90,000 people and markets its products in more than 130 countries.

Abbott in Ukraine

Abbott started operations in Ukraine from 1998. To date, Abbott employs 230 people who work to provide access to Ukraine’s patients in the areas of HIV, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Premature Infant Health, Bechterew’s Disease, Psoriasis, Emergency Medicine & Anesthesia, Gastroenterology, Women‘s Health, Pulmonary Disease, and Cardiology. In total, 40 of Abbott’s medicines are available in the Ukraine, and new launches of innovative and globally used products in Oncology, Parkinson Disease, Crohn’s Disease, Ulcerative Colitis, and Renal Care are planned for 2012-2015.

Abbott in Ukraine & USUBC

USUBC has been working with Gintautas Storpirstis, Regional General Manager, Commonwealth of Independent States CIS; Vitaliy Gordienko, Head of the Representative Office in Kyiv; Alexander Bondarenko, CIS Business Development & Commercial Hub Manager; Monika Maciulyte, Government Affairs Manager, CIS and other key members of the Abbott staff in Kyiv. Alexander Bondarenko will represent Abbott on the USUBC board of directors.

"I am glad Abbott and the other international health care companies are contributing largely to strengthening the healthcare system, patient health and the quality of life in Ukraine" said Morgan Williams, Director, Government Affairs, Washington Office, SigmaBleyzer Private Equity Investment Management Group, who serves as President of the U.S.-Ukraine Business Council (USUBC), "USUBC is pleased to have the opportunity to work with Abbott on key issues in Ukraine."

http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-technology-1/MaxWell-BiocorporationLLCand-International-Medical-Information-TechnologiesInc-Announce-Partnership-6884-1/

MaxWell Biocorporation, LLC, and International Medical Information Technologies, Inc., Announce Partnership

Date:8/1/2008 [Outline]

WASHINGTON, Aug. 1 /PRNewswire/ – Russian-speaking medical professionals around the world have a potent new ally to help them integrate into the English-speaking mainstream of global medical research.

(Logo: http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20080624/NETU078LOGO )

Dr. Peter M. Leitner, President of MaxWell USA, LLC, and Dr. Marina Filshtinsky, President of Boston-based International Medical Information Technologies, Inc. (IMIT) and editor-in-chief of MedMir.com, announced today a sponsorship deal between their two organizations.

MaxWell USA will provide the first significant outside funding received by IMIT since its 2005 inception. As a result, IMIT will be in a stronger position to supply timely, comprehensive, and free translations of leading medical journal articles to Russian-speaking medical professionals around the world.

By partnering, MaxWell and IMIT will contribute more effectively to improving the quality of healthcare offered by Russian-speaking medical providers to their patients wherever they may be.

About MedMir

MedMir.com (http://www.medmir.com) is the first project of the Boston-based nonprofit organization International Medical Information Technologies, Inc., IMIT (http://www.imithome.org). MedMir provides Russian-speaking medical professionals around the world with free access to timely, comprehensive, and accurate summaries of leading research papers from the world's top medical journals, translated by highly qualified medical specialists. The MedMir project began in January 2005 and has consistently attracted a growing number of Russian-speaking medical professional visitors to its website. MedMir is the only service on the Internet that provides timely, comprehensive international medical information in Russian. MedMir.com = World Medical Journal Reviews In Russian.

About MaxWell

MaxWell Biocorporation (http://www.max-well.com) is a U.S.-based, privately-held international medical and pharmaceutical company with wholly owned subsidiaries and affiliates in the United States and Ukraine dedicated to increasing life expectancy and improving the quality of life of people in Ukraine and other underserved emerging healthcare markets in the former Soviet Union. MaxWell targets oncological, cardiological, chronic infectious and autoimmune disorders and diseases through the development, production, and introduction into clinical practice of sophisticated, high quality, and affordable off-patent generic biopharmaceutical and chemopharmaceutical medicines and the latest diagnostic and therapeutic methods. MaxWell = "Maximum Wellness."

"We Help You Live Longer"