>How is it possible that these things were not already something the Vatican made sure not to invest in?
I can only guess the Vatican went to third party brokerage firms and maybe some hedge fund managers that invested as they wanted to get the dividends.
Arms industry could be subdivisions of other companies, like BAE Systems or Boeing so the investments in arms would be indirect.
Wasn't there a post in #4 about Vatican bringing in Rothschilds to work financials?