Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 6:50 p.m. No.22840249   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>0251 >>0254

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World Bank Group President Kim and Pope Francis Meet to Discuss Mutual Efforts to End Poverty

October 28, 2013

ROME, October 28, 2013 - World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim and His Holiness Pope Francis met today at the Vatican to discuss their mutual efforts to end extreme poverty and provide greater opportunities for the poor and vulnerable.

 

“I was so grateful to meet with the Holy Father and was inspired by his passion and commitment to help the poor, the sick, and the hungry,” Kim said. “We talked about ways we could work together with faith leaders to make a preferential option for the poor, so they can have greater opportunity and justice in their lives.”

 

Kim thanked Pope Francis for his strong statements encouraging humble service to the less fortunate, as well as his support for better education, health care, environmental protection, and jobs with fair wages to help the poor lift themselves out of poverty.

 

Following the 20-minute meeting, Pope Francis and Kim agreed to explore ways to work together to end extreme poverty.

 

“At the World Bank Group, we have set a goal to end extreme poverty in less than a generation, and to boost shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent of people in developing countries,” Kim said. “Pope Francis and I agree on the urgent moral imperative to lessen the suffering of over 1 billion people and to end the scandal of poverty. We share a vision of a world with greater compassion for all people in need.”

 

During his visit, Kim also met with Monseigneur Dominique Mamberti, Secretary for Relations with States, and discussed closer collaboration between the Church and the World Bank Group.

 

“Pope Francis unites us all with the moral clarity of his message on poverty,” Kim said. “We must address the root causes of poverty by giving the poor access to education, health care, and good jobs–benefitting women, young people, and those denied opportunities in the past.”

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/10/28/world-bank-group-president-kim-pope-francis-efforts-end-poverty

 

World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim Press Conference Rome, Italy

Full Transcript

https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/speech/2013/10/28/transcript-vatican-press-conference-world-bank-group-jim-yong-kim

Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 6:50 p.m. No.22840251   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>0254

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World Bank Group President Kim and Pope Francis Discuss Mutual Efforts to End Poverty

World Bank 1,905 views Oct 28, 2013

VATICAN CITY Like many people around the world, I've been closely following Pope Francis' comments on the importance of serving the poor. When I had a chance to meet the His Holiness at the Vatican, I had the privilege to talk to about it and about helping lead a social movement to end extreme poverty.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmEVNlpjfGc

 

Pope to World Bank and IMF: Solidarity means more than sporadic acts of generosity

ROME REPORTS 1,365 views Apr 8, 2021

The pope addressed a letter to participants of the 2021 Spring Meeting of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opIRNgt_t1Y

Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 6:50 p.m. No.22840254   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>0257 >>0258

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The World Bank, the Catholic Church, and the Global Future of Development

Thomas Banchoff March 16, 2015

 

Contact between the two institutions has been sporadic. The Bank’s focus is projects with governments to address economic development, while the Church works mainly through social channels. Recently, however, the leaders of both institutions have articulated convergent approaches to human development that link economics with health, education, and the environment. As World Bank President Jim Yong Kim put it after his meeting with Pope Francis in October 2013, “We share a vision of a world with greater compassion for all people in need.”

 

This spring Georgetown’s new Global Futures Initiative is inviting faculty and students to explore that common vision and how to realize it in practice. A series of lectures by President Kim and his colleague Chief Economist Kaushik Basu are catalyzing conversations on campus and on the web, including one with 20 participants from Catholic and Jesuit colleges and universities around the world.

 

In that conversation thus far, bloggers from Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, India, South Korea, Japan, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Rwanda, and the United States have highlighted two areas of overlap and one difference of emphasis in emergent approaches to development within the Bank and within the Church.

 

Mental Models. Kim’s first lecture, on the Ebola crisis, highlighted the Bank’s recent work on mental models—the often unconscious ideas and values that frame problems and can impede the search for creative solutions. What Francis calls the “globalization of indifference” exemplifies a destructive mental model—the widespread assumption that economic forces are beyond our control and that fundamental questions of justice should not frame our policy thinking.

 

Social Inequality. In his first lecture, on global economic trends, Kaushik Basu discussed the Bank’s adoption of “shared prosperity” as a priority goal. The emphasis not just on extreme poverty but also on inequality parallels developments in Catholic social thought in recent years. As inequality has sharpened—the wealth of the richest global 1 percent is likely to soon surpass that of the other 99 percent—Francis has addressed it as “the root of social evil” and a threat to the global common good.

 

Accompaniment. A cross-cutting current within the blogs—the importance of personal engagement with the poor in a spirit of mutual respect—points to a difference of emphasis between the Bank and the Church. As an intergovernmental institution with a secular ethos, the Bank cannot approach human dignity as grounded in transcendence or in a Gospel command of love. Francis’ radical call to accompany the poor in their struggle makes development a personal, as well as a political, imperative.

 

Ultimately the World Bank, like the Catholic Church and other faith communities, acknowledges the importance of personal engagement in advancing social and political goals. Any appeal to rid the world of poverty involves a call to individual conscience. As Kim reminded the Georgetown students at the close of his lecture, “You are the first generation in the history of the world that can end extreme poverty in your lifetimes.”

 

Jim Kim’s next lecture in the Global Future of Development series, on March 18, will address climate change. To follow the conversation, visit the Georgetown Global Futures website and follow the dialogues on global development and Catholic social thought.

https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/forum/the-world-bank-the-catholic-church-and-the-global-future-of-development

 

This blog post originally appeared on the Berkeley Center for Religion, Peace, & World Affairs at Georgetown University.

https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/forum/the-world-bank-the-catholic-church-and-the-global-future-of-development

Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 6:51 p.m. No.22840255   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>0257 >>0258 >>0297

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Pope Francis: Too much exclusion for a world in which all are equal

Pope Francis sends a letter to the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund as they begin their virtual spring meetings. In his letter, the Pope stresses the importance of developing a just and equal society for all.

By Vatican News staff writer April 2021

 

In a letter addressed to the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund, Pope Francis noted that over the last year, as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic, "our world has been forced to confront a series of grave and interrelated socio-economic, ecological and political crises".

 

As the groups meet this spring, the Pope stresses that it is his hope that their discussions may contribute to a model of 'recovery' capable of generating new, more inclusive, and sustainable solutions to support the real economy, assisting individuals and communities to achieve their deepest aspirations and the universal common good.

Equal, yet excluded

 

Pope Francis went on to note that "for all our deeply-held convictions that all men and women are created equal, many of our brothers and sisters in the human family, especially those at the margins of society, are effectively excluded from the financial world". The pandemic, he continued, has reminded us that "no one is saved alone". "If we are to come out of this situation as a better, more humane, and solidary world," he said, "new and creative forms of social, political and economic participation must be devised, sensitive to the voice of the poor and committed to including them in the building of our common future", through inclusive projects.

Need for a global plan

 

The Pope then noted that many countries are now consolidating a recovery plan for Covid, but that "there remains an urgent need for a global plan that can create new or regenerate existing institutions, particularly those of global governance, and help to build a new network of international relations for advancing the integral human development of all peoples". This, he explained, means giving poorer and less developed nations an effective share in decision-making and facilitating access to the international market.

 

We cannot overlook the “ecological debt” that exists especially between the global north and south, continued the Pope. "We are, in fact, in debt to nature itself, as well as the people and countries affected by human-induced ecological degradation and biodiversity loss", he added. In this regard, the Pope said, "I believe that the financial industry, which is distinguished by its great creativity, will prove capable of developing agile mechanisms for calculating this ecological debt, so that developed countries can pay it, not only by significantly limiting their consumption of non-renewable energy or by assisting poorer countries to enact policies and programmes of sustainable development, but also by covering the costs of the innovation required for that purpose".

 

He continued, "Central to a just and integrated development is a profound appreciation of the essential objective and end of all economic life, namely the universal common good: Public money should never be disjoined from the public good, and financial markets should be underpinned by laws and regulations aimed at ensuring that they truly work for the common good".

A future for our common home

 

Bringing his letter to a close, the Pope said that it is time to acknowledge that markets do not govern themselves. "Markets need to be underpinned by laws and regulations that ensure they work for the common good, guaranteeing that finance works for the societal goals so much needed in the context of the present global healthcare emergency."

 

Finally, the Pope expressed his hope that in these days of formal deliberations and personal encounters, the two organisations with "bear much fruit from the discernment of wise solutions for a more inclusive and sustainable future. A future where finance is at the service of the common good, where the vulnerable and the marginalized are placed at the centre, and where the earth, our common home, is well cared for"

https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2021-04/pope-francis-world-monetary-fund-message.html

Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 6:51 p.m. No.22840256   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>0257 >>0258

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==AJAY BANGA worked for EXOR AGNELLI FAMILY > FIAT > Fascism ==

Before being nominated to the World Bank, he was the chairman of Exor, the Netherlands-based investment holding company controlled by the Italian Agnelli Family,[7][8]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_Banga

 

Agnelli and fascism

IMAGE: Mussolini giving a speech in Turin with Agnelli in 1923

 

An acquaintance of Benito Mussolini since 1914, Agnelli was appointed in 1923 by Mussolini as a senator for the National Fascist Party.[23] His newspaper La Stampa distanced themselves from Mussolini; thanks to his connections with the House of Savoy, he could assert autonomy from the Italian fascist regime. As an example, he appointed Curzio Malaparte, who was disliked by Mussolini, as director of La Stampa, and took on as private tutor of his grandson the liberal anti-fascist Franco Antonicelli,[24] and allowed his nephews to attend as their tutor the anti-fascist Augusto Monti, and another anti-fascist, Massimo Mila, as their musicologist.[25] In addition, he sought as accountant Vittorio Valletta, who was known to the Fascist regime for his social democratic ideas, membership in Freemasonry, and clandestine connections with exiled anti-fascists in France, including Giuseppe Saragat.[15] Mussolini described Agnelli as too old to be fascist, and he was suspected by the regime of helping the anti-fascist movement Giustizia e Libertà in the 1930s.[25]

Asked whether Agnelli could be considered an anti-fascist, Castronovo said: "No, for him fascism still remained the regime that guaranteed 'effective labour discipline' and with which it was necessary — bon gré, mal gré — to coexist in the interests of one's industry.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Agnelli

 

Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy (15 December 1932; Grand Officer: 1 February 1920; Knight: 8 December 1898)

Knight of the Order of Labour (30 May 1907)

Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (6 February 1921)

Inducted into the European Automotive Hall of Fame in 2001.[33]

Inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame in 2002.[34]

 

The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italian: Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) (abbreviated OSSML) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the royal House of Savoy. It is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the world, tracing its lineage to AD 1098, and it is one of the rare orders of knighthood recognized by papal bull, in this case by Pope Gregory XIII.[2] In that bull, Pope Gregory XIII bestowed upon Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy and his Savoy successors, the right to confer this knighthood in perpetuity. The Grand Master is Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice, also known as the Duke of Savoy, the grandson of the last King of Italy, Umberto II. However, Emanuele Filiberto's cousin twice removed Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta claims to be grand master as his father claimed to be head of the house of Savoy.

 

The order was formerly awarded by the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) with the heads of the House of Savoy as the Kings of Italy. Originally a chivalric order of noble nature, it was restricted to subjects of noble families with proofs of at least eight noble great-grandparents. The order's military and noble nature was and is still combined with a Roman Catholic character.

 

After the abolition of the monarchy and the foundation of the Italian Republic in 1946, the legacy of the order is maintained by the pretenders of the House of Savoy and the Italian throne in exile.

 

The order is estimated to include about 2,000 members around the world, with about 200 in the United States. The Order also has roster consultative status with the United Nations, as part of the U.N.'s ECOSOC.[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus

Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 6:52 p.m. No.22840257   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>0258 >>0270 >>0274

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The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

 

List of Grand Masters

King and Grand Master Charles Felix of Sardinia in ceremonial robe of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

 

Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1572–1580)

Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (1580–1630)

Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (1630–1637)

Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy (1637–1638)

Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638–1675)

Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia (1675–1731)

Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1732–1773)

Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (1773–1796)

Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (1796–1802)

Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (1802–1824)

Charles Felix of Sardinia (1824–1831)

Charles Albert of Sardinia (1831–1849)

Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1849–1878)

Umberto I of Italy (1878–1900)

Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (1900–1946)

Umberto II of Italy (1946–1983)

Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples (1983–2024)

Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice (2024–present)

Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 6:52 p.m. No.22840258   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>0270 >>0274

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Monarchs

 

Franz Josef I, Emperor of Austria

Wilhelm II, German Emperor

Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia

Gojong, Emperor of Korea

Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia

Zog I, King of the Albanians

George V, King of the United Kingdom

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar of Shah of Persia

H.M.E.H. Servant of God Fra' Andrew Bertie, Prince and Grand Master of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

Maharaja Jagatjit Singh

Maharaja Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana

Mihailo Obrenović of Serbia

Abbas I, Wāli of Egypt

 

Military

 

General of the Armies John Pershing

General of the Army George Marshall

Field Marshal Walther von Brauchitsch

Field Marshal Francisco Solano López

General Matthew Bunker Ridgway

General François d'Astier de La Vigerie

General Tasker H. Bliss

General Mark W. Clark

General Ira C. Eaker

General Peyton C. March

Admiral Ernesto Burzagli[10]

Surgeon Rear-Admiral Arthur Skey

Major General Ulysses S. Grant III

Major General Mason Patrick[11]

General Sebastiano Visconti Prasca

Rear Admiral Richard Byrd

Brigadier General Billy Mitchell

Naval Captain Emilio Faà di Bruno

Flight Commander Douglas Harries

SS-Obergruppenführer Hans Lammers

Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram

Brigadier General Evan M. Johnson[12]

Brigadier General Walter McCaw[13]

Rear Admiral Charles R. Train[14]

 

Politics

 

Diplomat Isaac Artom

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, 1921

Enrico d’Arienzo, Prefect of Caltanisetta 1925

Henri Jaspar

Charles, 1st Count de Broqueville

Charles Rogier

Edmond, Baron de Sélys Longchamps

President Porfirio Díaz

Dr Hans Frank, 26.9.1936[15]

Minister of foreign affairs Giustino Fortunato[16]

Member of Parliament Cristiana Muscardini

Diplomat Jose Maria Quijano Wallis[17]

Luigi, Count Cibrario

Oswald, Freiherr von Richthofen, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire - August 1902 - during the visit to Germany of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy[18]

President of the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition and Former St. Louis Mayor David R. Francis[19]

Mayor Rudolph Giuliani of New York City (2001) Cavaliere di Gran Croce (Motu Proprio)[20]

Aldo Oviglio, Minister of Justice (1922–1925)

James Charles Risk of New York City, Cavaliere di Gran Croce,[21] originally inducted by the last reigning King of Italy, Umberto II of Italy

Benito Mussolini, Prime Minister of Italy and Duce of Fascism

Francesco Ruffini, Italian jurist, historian, politician and antifascist.

Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 6:53 p.m. No.22840259   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>0276

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,[1][2] and also known as the Hitler–Stalin Pact[3][4] and the Nazi–Soviet Pact,[5] was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, with a secret protocol establishing Soviet and German spheres of influence across Eastern Europe.[6]

The pact was signed in Moscow on 24 August 1939 (backdated 23 August 1939) by Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop.[7]

 

The treaty was the culmination of negotiations around the 1938–1939 deal discussions, after tripartite discussions with the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France had broken down, and committed neither government would aid or ally itself with an enemy of the other, for the next 10 years. Under the Secret Protocol, Poland was to be shared, while Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Bessarabia went to the Soviet Union.

The protocol also recognized the interest of Lithuania in the Vilnius region. In the west, rumoured existence of the Secret Protocol was proven only when it was made public during the Nuremberg trials.[8]

 

A week after signing the pact, on 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland.

On 17 September, one day after a Soviet–Japanese ceasefire came into effect after the Battles of Khalkhin Gol,[9] and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union approved the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact,[10]

Stalin, stating concern for ethnic Ukrainians and Belarusians in Poland, ordered the Soviet invasion of Poland. After a short war ending in military defeat for Poland, Germany and the Soviet Union drew up a new border between them on formerly Polish territory in the supplementary protocol of the German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty.

 

In March 1940, parts of the Karelia, and eastern parts of Salla and Kuusamo regions as well, in Finland were annexed by the Soviet Union following the Winter War.

The Soviet annexation of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and parts of Romania (Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region) followed.

Stalin's invasion of Bukovina in 1940 violated the pact, since it went beyond the Soviet sphere of influence that had been agreed with the Axis.[11]

 

The territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union following the 1939 Soviet invasion east of the Curzon line remained in the Soviet Union after the war and are now in Ukraine and Belarus.

Vilnius was given to Lithuania. Only Podlaskie and a small part of Galicia east of the San River, around Przemyśl, were returned to Poland.

Of all the other territories annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939–1940, those detached from Finland (Western Karelia, Hanko) Estonia (Estonian Ingria and Petseri County) and Latvia (Abrene) remain part of Russia, the successor state to the Russian SFSR and the Soviet Union after the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

The territories annexed from Romania were also integrated into the Soviet Union (such as the Moldavian SSR, or oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR). The core of Bessarabia now forms Moldova.

Northern Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region now form the Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine. Southern Bessarabia is part of the Odessa Oblast, which is also now in Ukraine.

 

The pact was terminated on 22 June 1941, when Germany launched Operation Barbarossa and invaded the Soviet Union, in pursuit of the ideological goal of Lebensraum.[12]

The Anglo-Soviet Agreement succeeded it. After the war, Ribbentrop was convicted of war crimes at the Nuremberg trials and executed in 1946, whilst Molotov died in 1986.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact

Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 6:53 p.m. No.22840261   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>0271

Smolensk air disaster

Polish Air Force Flight 101

Date 10 April 2010

Summary Controlled flight into terrain near Smolensk North Airport

Site Smolensk, Russia

54°49′26″N 32°03′05″E

 

Aircraft type Tupolev Tu-154M

Operator 36 SPLT, Polish Air Force

ICAO flight No. PLF101

Call sign POLISH AIRFORCE 101

Registration 101[1]

Flight origin Frédéric Chopin Airport Warsaw, Poland

Destination Smolensk North Airport Smolensk, Russia

 

Occupants 96

Passengers 89

Crew 7

Fatalities 96

Survivors 0

 

On 10 April 2010, a Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft operating Polish Air Force Flight 101 crashed near the Russian city of Smolensk, killing all 96 people on board.

Among the victims were the president of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, and his wife, Maria; the former president of Poland-in-exile, Ryszard Kaczorowski; the chief of the Polish General Staff and other senior Polish military officers;

the president of the National Bank of Poland; Polish government officials; 18 members of the Polish parliament; senior members of the Polish clergy; and relatives of victims of the Katyn massacre.

The group was arriving from Warsaw to attend an event commemorating the 70th anniversary of the massacre, which took place not far from Smolensk.

 

The pilots were attempting to land at Smolensk North Airport — a former military airbase — in thick fog, with visibility reduced to about 500 metres (1,600 ft). The aircraft descended far below the normal approach path until it struck trees, rolled, inverted and crashed into the ground, coming to rest in a wooded area a short distance from the runway.[2]

 

Both the Russian and Polish official investigations found no technical faults with the aircraft, and concluded that the crew failed to conduct the approach in a safe manner in the given weather conditions. The Polish authorities found serious deficiencies in the organization and training of the Air Force unit involved, which was subsequently disbanded. Several high-ranking members of the Polish military resigned following pressure from politicians and the media.

 

Various conspiracy theories have been circulated alleging that the plane had been deliberately brought down by the Russians in an act of political assassination, and that the 2011 investigations constituted a cover-up and that the Polish government of the time — primarily controlled by the Civic Platform party as opposed to Lech Kaczyński's Law and Justice party — was complicit in or aware of the plot, or at least aided in the efforts to cover it up.[3]

These conspiracy theories are regularly promoted by Law and Justice, particularly by party leader Jarosław Kaczyński (twin brother of Lech Kaczyński) and deputy party leader Antoni Macierewicz.[4][5][6][7]

Following Law and Justice's return to government, a new investigation was opened into the disaster, chaired by Macierewicz; its 2022 conclusion alleged a Russian plot.[8][9]

The new report did not produce any evidence that could conclusively challenge the 2011 reports,[3] was later indicated to have been the subject of tampered evidence,[10] and was revoked in December 2023 after a non-Law and Justice government came into power.[11][12]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster

Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 6:57 p.m. No.22840270   🗄️.is 🔗kun

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All of these people pretended to be Patriots to their respective Nations yet instead always had a Higher LoYalty.

A Prime example of someone everyone know's:

Mayor Rudolph Giuliani of New York City (2001) Cavaliere di Gran Croce (Motu Proprio)[20]

 

So Mr. 911 terr terr 911 is beholden to the Vatican?

Did anyone tell you?

No one told me either.

Anonymous ID: 207234 March 29, 2025, 7:05 p.m. No.22840280   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>0321

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The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus(Italian: Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) (abbreviated OSSML) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the royal House of Savoy. It is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the world, tracing its lineage to AD 1098, and it is one of the rare orders of knighthood recognized by papal bull, in this case by Pope Gregory XIII.[2] In that bull, Pope Gregory XIII bestowed upon Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy and his Savoy successors, the right to confer this knighthood in perpetuity. The Grand Master is Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice, also known as the Duke of Savoy, the grandson of the last King of Italy, Umberto II. However, Emanuele Filiberto's cousin twice removed Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta claims to be grand master as his father claimed to be head of the house of Savoy.

 

The order was formerly awarded by the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) with the heads of the House of Savoy as the Kings of Italy. Originally a chivalric order of noble nature, it was restricted to subjects of noble families with proofs of at least eight noble great-grandparents. The order's military and noble nature was and is still combined with a Roman Catholic character.

 

After the abolition of the monarchy and the foundation of the Italian Republic in 1946, the legacy of the order is maintained by the pretenders of the House of Savoy and the Italian throne in exile.

 

The order is estimated to include about 2,000 members around the world, with about 200 in the United States. The Order also has roster consultative status with the United Nations, as part of the U.N.'s ECOSOC.[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus