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Anonymous ID: 46fb34 Sept. 4, 2025, 3:05 p.m. No.23549182   🗄️.is 🔗kun   >>9297

>>23549156

The entities enabling scientific fraud at scale are large, resilient, and growing rapidly

Reese A. K. Richardson https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6058-5886, Spencer S. Hong https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2278-2758, Jennifer A. Byrne https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8923-0587 jennifer.byrne@health.nsw.gov.au, +1 , and Luís A. Nunes Amaral https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3762-789X amaral@northwestern.eduAuthors Info & Affiliations

Edited by Daniel Acuña, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO; received September 30, 2024; accepted March 18, 2025 by Editorial Board Member Mark Granovetter

August 4, 2025

122 (32) e2420092122

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2420092122

 

 

Significance

Numerous recent scientific and journalistic investigations demonstrate that systematic scientific fraud is a growing threat to the scientific enterprise. In large measure this has been attributed to organizations known as research paper mills. We uncover footprints of activities connected to scientific fraud that extend beyond the production of fake papers to brokerage roles in a widespread network of editors and authors who cooperate to achieve the publication of scientific papers that escape traditional peer-review standards. Our analysis reveals insights into how such organizations are structured and how they operate.

Abstract

Science is characterized by collaboration and cooperation, but also by uncertainty, competition, and inequality. While there has always been some concern that these pressures may compel some to defect from the scientific research ethos—i.e., fail to make genuine contributions to the production of knowledge or to the training of an expert workforce—the focus has largely been on the actions of lone individuals. Recently, however, reports of coordinated scientific fraud activities have increased. Some suggest that the ease of communication provided by the internet and open-access publishing have created the conditions for the emergence of entities—paper mills (i.e., sellers of mass-produced low quality and fabricated research), brokers (i.e., conduits between producers and publishers of fraudulent research), predatory journals, who do not conduct any quality controls on submissions—that facilitate systematic scientific fraud. Here, we demonstrate through case studies that i) individuals have cooperated to publish papers that were eventually retracted in a number of journals, ii) brokers have enabled publication in targeted journals at scale, and iii), within a field of science, not all subfields are equally targeted for scientific fraud. Our results reveal some of the strategies that enable the entities promoting scientific fraud to evade interventions. Our final analysis suggests that this ability to evade interventions is enabling the number of fraudulent publications to grow at a rate far outpacing that of legitimate science.

 

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2420092122

Anonymous ID: 46fb34 Sept. 4, 2025, 3:13 p.m. No.23549217   🗄️.is 🔗kun

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