TYB
3rd Day of Solar Storm Conditions | S0 News
Nov.8.2025
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5RZ8hwbn5Q
https://spaceweathernews.com/
https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/
https://x.com/SpaceWeather
https://avi-loeb.medium.com/first-radio-signal-from-3i-atlas-absorption-by-hydroxyl-radicals-oh-molecules-0e0fc6e54732
https://avi-loeb.medium.com/the-latest-image-of-3i-atlas-a81c31f4c071
https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/s3i-atlas-may-threat-why-nasa-has-not-released-new-photos-interstellar-comet-1753242
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQ8tRs1Zg5g (Newsnation: Is 3I/ATLAS revving an engine? Avi Loeb notes mysterious propulsion | Banfield)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beGPFNMblY8 (Dobsonian Power: AVI LOEB ON NASA 3I/ATLAS HIDDEN PICTURES)
A Complex Jet Structure Emanates from 3I/ATLAS After Perihelion
November 8, 2025
This morning, at 4.10 Universal Time (UT) on November 8, 2025, the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS showed a complex jet structure. M. Jäger, G. Rhemann and E. Prosperi observed 3I/ATLAS at 29 degrees separation from the Sun in the sky, as reported here.
The stacked images, constituting 24 exposures in the green filter— each lasting 35 seconds , 2 exposures in a red filter and 2 exposures in a blue filter, show a large glowing halo extending out to half a million kilometers (5 arcminutes).
The images show at least 7 distinct jets, some of which are anti-tails in the sunward direction.
At the time of observations, 3I/ATLAS was 7–10 degrees above the horizon. Eventually, twilight interfered with the observations, which took place under a bright moonlight.
Is the network of jets associated with pockets of ice on the surface of a natural cometary nucleus or are they coming from a set of jet thrusters used for navigation of a spacecraft? We do not know.
For now, let us enjoy the view. After all, a picture is worth a thousand words.
https://avi-loeb.medium.com/a-complex-jet-structure-emanates-from-3i-atlas-after-perihelion-1cc7f8ec7b81
1/2
First Radio Signal from 3I/ATLAS: Absorption by Hydroxyl Radicals (OH Molecules)
November 8, 2025
MeerKAT, a radio telescope with a diameter of 13.5 meters operated by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, detected radio absorption lines by hydroxyl radicals, namely OH molecules, from the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS.
The report by D.J. Pisano and collaborators was posted on The Astronomer’s Telegram here.
MeerKAT observed 3I/ATLAS on October 24, 2025 when the angular separation of 3I/ATLAS from the Sun was 3.76 degrees, just 7 times the diameter of the Sun in the sky.
The OH absorption signal was detected in two spectral lines at radio frequencies of 1.665 and 1.667 gigahertz. The two lines revealed absorption at Doppler velocity shifts of -15.59 (+/-0.16) and -15.65(+/-0.17) kilometers per second, respectively.
The full-width-at-half-maximum of the absorption lines were 0.88(+/-0.37) and 1.26(+/-0.40) kilometers per second, respectively. Previous attempts to detect these lines with MeerKAT on September 20 and 28, 2025 were not successful.
The solar conjunction of 3I/ATLAS relative to Earth occurred a few days earlier, on October 21, 2025, when the object was traveling very close to the orbital plane of the Earth around the Sun.
Given that the velocity vector of 3I/ATLAS was nearly perpendicular to MeerKAT’s line-of-sight, the Doppler shift of the OH absorption results from the full speed of 3I/ATLAS relative to Earth of (30+68)=98 kilometers per second, times the sine of the angle between the direction of relative motion and MeerKAT’s line-of-sight to 3I/ATLAS on October 24. This angle was apparently 9.2 degrees.
Given that 3I/ATLAS was separated from the Sun by 1.38 times the Earth-Sun separation, its surface temperature was smaller than that of Earth by roughly the square root of 1.38.
This is because the solar heating rate scales inversely with separation squared, whereas surface cooling scales as temperature to the 4th power.
The resulting thermal speed of the OH molecules shed from the surface of 3I/ATLAS at a temperature of ~230 degrees Kelvin, yields thermal broadening of the OH lines by a full-width at half maximum of ~0.8 kilometers per second — in agreement with the observed widths.
Coincidentally, I taught thermal broadening in my class “Radiative Processes in Astrophysics” at the Harvard Astronomy department a month ago.
This absorption signal constitutes the first radio detection of 3I/ATLAS.
Five weeks ago, I encouraged radio observatories like MeerKAT to search for radio emission from 3I/ATLAS given that the arrival direction of 3I/ATLAS coincided to within 9 degrees with the arrival direction of the Wow! Signal detected in 1977 at a frequency of 1.4204556 gigahertz (as discussed here).
In response, I was assured that 3I/ATLAS will be monitored by radio observatories like MeerKAT. So far there was no report on a radio detection of 3I/ATLAS other than the OH absorption signal.
On March 16, 2026, 3I/ATLAS is expected to pass within 53 million kilometers from Jupiter. At that time, the Juno spacecraft will use its dipole antenna to search for a radio signal from 3I/ATLAS at low frequencies ranging from 50 hertz to 40 megahertz.
2/2
C/2025 V1 Borisov's Silent Approach: What Its Strange Orbit Means For Earthwatchers?
08 November 2025, 12:07 AM GMT
C/2025 V1 Borisov has been the talk of the astronomy community, stirring up excitement and speculation as it cuts a dazzling, unconventional path through the solar system.
Rather than delivering the usual spectacle of a flaming tail streaming across the night sky, this comet greets observers with a subtle shimmer—challenging expectations, fuelling cosmic curiosity, and offering a rare chance to witness a celestial encounter up close.
Why C/2025 V1 Borisov Sparks Global Fascination
The arrival of C/2025 V1 Borisov has astronomers, amateur skywatchers, and social media pundits alike turning their gaze towards the constellation Virgo.
Currently visible with a magnitude of 13.8 and a coma measuring 2.3 arcminutes, it's not the brightest spectacle, but its journey is anything but ordinary.
On 11 November 2025, Borisov will come within 103 million kilometres (0.68 AU) of Earth—the closest it's likely to get, and safely distant enough to remain a curiosity rather than a concern.
This rare proximity is providing astronomers worldwide with an opportunity to gather valuable data and insights into the behaviour and composition of comets from our Solar System.
The Absence of a Tail: Myth-Busting and Science
C/2025 V1 Borisov's most striking feature isn't what it shows, but rather what's missing: a prominent tail. While some social media corners buzz with talk of conspiracies and wild hypotheses linking it to interstellar visitors like 3I/ATLAS, scientists urge calm.
The comet's faint appearance and lack of tail can be explained by its current distance from the Sun—its icy body hasn't yet warmed enough to produce the iconic glowing tail seen in more active comets.
This phenomenon is not mysterious, and astronomers are quick to clarify that Borisov is a local, drawing its icy origins from regions like the distant Oort Cloud, not from alien realms.
C/2025 V1 Borisov's Peculiar Orbit and Upcoming Close Pass
According to data from the JPL Small-Body Database, C/2025 V1 Borisov follows a highly unusual orbit, boasting an eccentricity of 1.00958273 and an inclination of 112.7°.
These elements indicate that the comet is travelling along a steep, elongated trajectory around the Sun, setting it apart from more conventional solar system bodies.
Borisov will reach perihelion—the closest point to the Sun—on 16 November 2025, just five days after passing closest to Earth.
Presently, at roughly 106 million kilometres away, Borisov's light takes nearly six minutes to reach us, with the comet rising, peaking, and setting at precise times for UK skywatchers: 4:01 a.m., 10:01 a.m., and 4:03 p.m., respectively.
How and When to See C/2025 V1 Borisov
For those eager to catch a glimpse of C/2025 V1 Borisov, Virgo is the place to start looking. Because the comet is still relatively faint, a telescope is essential for any serious observation.
Various astronomy organisations and observatories have stepped up, providing interactive star maps and detailed guidance for enthusiasts keen to track Borisov's progress.
As the days progress towards its perihelion in mid-November, visibility is expected to improve, making these next few weeks an ideal window for observation, data collection, and public engagement in astronomical science.
The Real Revelations C/2025 V1 Borisov Offers
What makes C/2025 V1 Borisov's passage most compelling is not outlandish theories, but the science it delivers about the icy wanderers of our Solar System.
As Borisov edges closer to both Earth and the Sun, astronomers anticipate gathering new data on cometary behaviour, orbital patterns, and the chemical composition of objects in the Oort Cloud.
This is a chance to learn more about the formative processes of the Solar System and the origins of comets that occasionally draw our eyes skywards.
https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/c-2025-v1-borisovs-silent-approach-what-its-strange-orbit-means-earthwatchers-1753234
https://twitter.com/forallcurious/status/1986802133287739504
https://x.com/nic_moneypenny/status/1986634591122145674
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uXFELv_EbQ (Stefan Burns: New ROGUE OBJECT Discovered In-Between 3I/ATLAS and EARTH đź” 3I/ATLAS Probe or New Comet?)
https://theskylive.com/c2025v1-info
https://www.space.com/space-exploration/missions/nasas-new-mars-mission-these-twin-satellites-could-reveal-how-the-red-planet-lost-its-atmosphere
https://www.cnet.com/science/space/nasas-escapade-mission-may-finally-reveal-how-the-martian-atmosphere-works/
https://escapade.ssl.berkeley.edu/science-goals-objectives/
https://news.berkeley.edu/2025/11/05/nasas-escapade-mission-to-mars-twin-uc-berkeley-satellites-dubbed-blue-and-gold-will-launch-in-early-november/
https://www.blueorigin.com/missions/ng-2
https://www.youtube.com/@blueorigin
NASA's new Mars mission: These twin satellites could reveal how the Red Planet lost its atmosphere
November 7, 2025
Mars is about to receive a double dose of attention.
This weekend, a pair of identical NASA satellites will launch together to help reveal how the Red Planet lost its thick atmosphere and liquid water — one of its oldest mysteries, and a key to understanding how it transformed from a once-habitable world into the frozen desert it is today.
Scheduled for liftoff no earlier than Sunday (Nov. 9) aboard Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, the $80 million ESCAPADE mission — short for Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers — will send two twin probes, nicknamed Blue and Gold, to orbit Mars in tandem.
The mission marks NASA's first dual-satellite mission to another planet, and aims to create a 3D view of how the solar wind, the stream of charged particles from the sun, energizes and strips away Martian air.
"To understand how the solar wind drives different kinds of atmospheric escape is a key piece of the puzzle of the climate evolution of Mars," Robert Lillis, principal investigator for ESCAPADE and associate director for planetary science at the University of California, Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory, said in a statement released Wednesday (Nov. 5).
"ESCAPADE gives us what you might call a stereo perspective — two different vantage points simultaneously."
Geologic evidence from ancient river valleys and water-formed minerals shows that Mars once had liquid water, which means it also had a much thicker atmosphere.
But around 4 billion years ago, the planet's magnetic field, which is the invisible shield that protects a world from the sun's radiation, began to fade.
Without that protection, the solar wind slowly stripped away the Martian atmosphere, leaving behind a tenuous wisp less than 1% as dense as Earth's.
Previous missions, including NASA's Mars Global Surveyor, MAVEN, and the Emirates Mars Mission Hope, have shown that Mars lacks a global magnetic field but retains patchy magnetic "bubbles" locked into its crust.
However, with only one spacecraft in orbit at a time, researchers have been limited to viewing one region at a time, often hours apart.
With the ESCAPADE satellites, "we can monitor how those regions vary on timescales as short as two minutes and up to 30 minutes," Lillis said in the statement.
"This will allow us to really make measurements we've never made before, and to characterize a very dynamic system in a way we couldn't characterize it before."
1/2
After reaching Mars in September 2027, the robotic duo will spend about seven months fine-tuning their orbits before flying in formation, like a "pair of pearls on a string," coming within 100 miles (160 kilometers) above the surface.
If all goes to plan, after six months of joint observations, they will separate into different orbits for another five months to build a 3D map of how energy and matter flow between Mars and the solar wind, the process that controls atmospheric loss.
Over roughly 11 months of science operations, ESCAPADE will explore three key questions, including how Mars’ magnetic bubble is shaped, how energy from the sun interacts with it, and how this affects the flow of particles in and out of the planet’s atmosphere.
To achieve this, each probe, about the size of a copy machine, carries an identical suite of instruments working in concert. Electrostatic analyzers, built at UC Berkeley, will detect charged particles escaping from Mars; by measuring their direction and energy, scientists can determine whether those particles are falling back toward the planet or being swept away by the solar wind, the statement says.
A magnetometer from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center will track the strength and orientation of magnetic fields, while plasma sensors from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University will probe plasma properties.
Meanwhile, student-built cameras from Northern Arizona University will capture images of Mars, and may even catch glimpses of its mysterious green auroras.
ESCAPADE is also testing a clever new route to Mars. Instead of heading directly to Mars, the spacecraft will first gear toward a Lagrange point, a gravitational “sweet spot” between Earth and the sun, for about a year before slingshotting toward Mars in 2026.
This longer but more flexible route could make future missions less dependent on the narrow, once-every-two-years Mars launch windows, scientists say.
Understanding how solar radiation interacts with Mars' upper atmosphere, known as the ionosphere, could also aid future explorers.
On Mars, radio waves can reflect off the ionosphere to travel beyond the horizon, so mapping how this layer behaves will be vital for communication and navigation.
The mission's results may even hint at whether liquid water still lingers underground, a possibility supported by recent analyses of seismic data from NASA's InSight lander — and a key question for future human exploration.
"It is definitely going to be a challenge to establish a human settlement on Mars," Lillis said in the same statement. "But, you know, humans are tenacious, right?"
2/2
F to the yeah
https://dailygalaxy.com/2025/11/nasa-hidden-heat-on-saturns-moon-enceladus/
https://www.space.com/space-exploration/search-for-life/heat-leaking-from-saturns-moon-enceladus-strengthens-case-for-its-habitability
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adx4338
NASA Discovers Hidden Heat on Saturn’s Moon Enceladus – Could It Harbor Life?
November 8, 2025 at 09:45
Saturn’s icy moon Enceladus has long fascinated scientists, with its active geysers and hidden ocean beneath a thick icy shell.
Now, a groundbreaking study has revealed new clues that may bring us closer to understanding whether Enceladus could harbor life.
By uncovering heat leaking from both poles of the moon, researchers have reinforced the idea that this distant world might have the energy required to sustain life.
Published in Science Advances, this study offers a fresh perspective on the long-term viability of its subsurface ocean.
Hidden Heat Flow at Both Poles: A Game-Changer
For decades, scientists believed that only Enceladus’ south pole was releasing heat due to its active geysers. However, a recent study challenges that view by showing that the moon is leaking heat from both its poles.
The new findings, based on data collected by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, suggest that Enceladus is far more thermally active than previously thought.
The discovery of heat at the north pole of Enceladus is crucial because it indicates that the moon’s internal energy is distributed across the entire surface, not just concentrated in one area.
As Dr. Georgina Miles, the lead author of the study, explains,
“Enceladus is a key target in the search for life outside the Earth, and understanding the long-term availability of its energy is key to determining whether it can support life.”
This discovery helps to reinforce the idea that Enceladus may be more than just an icy, frozen world. The heat detected at both poles could mean that Enceladus has the energy required to maintain liquid water in its subsurface ocean for an extended period—potentially billions of years.
This thermal activity supports the notion that conditions on the moon may be favorable for life to evolve, particularly in the liquid ocean that lies beneath the icy shell.
The Crucial Role of Energy in Supporting Life
The key to understanding whether life could thrive on Enceladus lies in the stability of its energy flow.
Life as we know it requires a constant source of energy, and Enceladus’ ocean must maintain a delicate balance between heat gained and lost to remain liquid.
Tidal heating, a process driven by Saturn’s immense gravitational pull on the moon, is believed to be the primary mechanism keeping the ocean warm.
When Saturn’s gravity flexes Enceladus during its orbit, internal friction generates heat, allowing the ocean to remain stable.
1/2
The study published in Science Advances reveals that Enceladus’ global heat loss is in line with predictions based on tidal heating, offering new evidence that the moon’s internal heat is sufficient to sustain its ocean over geological timescales.
“Understanding how much heat Enceladus is losing on a global level is crucial to knowing whether it can support life,” said Dr. Carly Howett, the corresponding author of the paper.
The results point to a stable energy flow, indicating that Enceladus’ ocean is not only warm enough to support life but could remain so for a significant amount of time.
Tidal Heating and Its Impact on Enceladus’ Ocean
The process of tidal heating plays a critical role in keeping Enceladus’ ocean from freezing.
When Saturn’s gravitational forces stretch and squeeze the moon as it orbits, this generates friction within the moon’s icy shell, causing it to heat up.
This friction, or “tidal flexing,” is thought to be the source of the heat that keeps the subsurface ocean in a liquid state, despite the frigid temperatures of space.
What’s particularly intriguing about the new findings is how they align with the existing models of tidal heating.
The thermal measurements gathered by Cassini suggest that the heat Enceladus emits from both poles is consistent with predictions of how much tidal energy is being converted into heat.
This finding offers strong evidence that the moon’s internal heating system is both efficient and sustainable.
Scientists now believe that this process could allow Enceladus’ ocean to remain stable for millions, or even billions, of years—long enough to potentially support life.
Insights into the Thickness of Enceladus’ Icy Shell
One of the most exciting aspects of the study is the new estimate of Enceladus’ icy shell thickness, which is a crucial factor for future missions aiming to explore its ocean.
Based on temperature data from Cassini, researchers have determined that the ice is about 20 to 23 kilometers thick at the north pole and slightly thicker—around 25 to 28 kilometers—on average across the moon.
These findings provide valuable data for any future spacecraft planning to drill or dive into Enceladus’ ocean.
While the icy shell is thick, it’s not impenetrable. The thermal measurements suggest that enough heat is leaking through to potentially allow a mission to access the subsurface ocean.
“Eking out the subtle surface temperature variations caused by Enceladus’ conductive heat flow from its daily and seasonal temperature changes was a challenge, and was only made possible by Cassini’s extended missions,” Dr. Miles adds.
This study not only increases our understanding of the moon’s internal heat flow but also lays the groundwork for future exploration of its ocean world.
2/2
https://www.space.com/astronomy/jupiter/jupiters-volcanic-moon-io-may-be-hundreds-of-times-hotter-than-scientists-thought
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/astronomy-and-space-sciences/articles/10.3389/fspas.2025.1668185/full
Jupiter's volcanic moon Io may be hundreds of times hotter than scientists thought
November 7, 2025
Using data from NASA's Juno spacecraft, scientists have discovered that the solar system's most volcanic body is even hotter than we thought. In fact, Jupiter's moon Io could be emitting hundreds of times as much heat from its surface as was previously estimated.
The reason for this underestimate wasn't due to a lack of data, but was a result of how Juno's data was interpreted. The results also demonstrate that about half of the heat radiating from Io comes from just 17 of 266 the moon's known volcanic sources.
The team behind this research thinks that this clear concentration of heat, rather than a global emission, could suggest that an Io-wide lava lake may not exist beneath the surface of this moon of Jupiter as has previously been theorized.
"In recent years, several studies have proposed that the distribution of heat emitted by Io, measured in the infrared spectrum, could help us understand whether a global magma ocean existed beneath its surface," team leader Federico Tosi of the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) said in a translated statement.
"However, comparing these results with other Juno data and more detailed thermal models, we realized that something wasn't right: the thermal output values ​​appeared too low compared to the physical characteristics of known lava lakes."
Tosi continued by explaining that until now, studies of Io have focused heavily on a specific band of infrared light known as the M-band.
M-band data collected by the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) aboard Juno have been invaluable in identifying the hottest regions of Io and thus for understanding its volcanism, but Tosi says the measurements collected in this spectral band could have influenced previous heat estimates
"The problem is that this band is sensitive only to the highest temperatures, and therefore tends to favor the most incandescent areas of volcanoes, neglecting the colder but much more extensive ones," Tosi said.
"In practice, it's like estimating the brightness of a bonfire by observing only the flames and not the surrounding embers: you capture the brightest spots, but you don't measure all the energy actually emitted."
1/2
Seeing Io in a different light
Reconsidering their approach to analyzing Juno's JIRAM data changed the team's view of the structure of Io's lava lakes.
They found that most of Io's volcanoes are not uniformly hot but instead possess a hot and bright outer ring with a cooler, solid central crust.
This latter region is less bright in the M-band of infrared light but covers a larger surface area, allowing it to emit an enormous amount of heat.
"When this 'hidden' component is also considered, the actual heat flux is up to hundreds of times higher than that calculated by analyzing the M-band alone," Tosi continued.
"This is a significant leap, because it changes the scale of the satellite's [Io's] energy balance."
This could have implications for the suggested global ocean of magma below the surface of Io, but Tosi is clear that the existence of this feature isn't something that can be completely ruled out by this research.
In fact, he theorizes that M-band JIRAM data can't be used to confirm this magma ocean.
"Our caution, therefore, is well-founded: we're not saying that such an ocean doesn't exist, but that it can't be deduced from these observations," Tosi said.
"It's important to recognize the limitations of the available data before drawing too strong conclusions on such a complex issue."
Unfortunately, it may be a while before scientists get such a good look at Io again, so the question of its global magma ocean may remain unanswered.
"In 2023 and 2024, Juno performed the closest and most detailed observations of Io ever obtained by a spacecraft. In the coming year, however, the natural evolution of the spacecraft's orbit will not allow for such close passes again," Tosi said.
"Future missions to the Jovian system, such as ESA's Juice and NASA's Europa Clipper, will not be able to observe Io with comparable spatial resolution, as they will be primarily dedicated to Ganymede and Europa.
"Nevertheless, monitoring Io remains crucial."
He added that the team's findings should provide a framework that can be used to more accurately interpret even remote spacecraft observations of Io. This could finally help researchers get to the bottom of why this Jovian moon is so violently volcanic.
"Looking ahead, this experience could also inform the design of future missions specifically dedicated to Io, which could finally directly observe the processes that fuel the most intense volcanism in the solar system," Tosi concluded.
2/2
Right about then would be a great time to implement some new technologies to put it back into, and everybody wins and the economy blossoms.