BRIDGE REPAIR
Q aka load effect
R aka resistance or strength of a structure
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
The strength R of a structural member and the load effect Q are both random parameters, since their actual values cannot be determined with certainty (Fig. 1). The strength of a structure, often referred to also as its resistance, is defined in a popular sense as the maximum force that it can sustain before it fails. Since failure is a term that is associated with collapse, it is more useful, in the context of
structural behavior, to define strength as the force under which a clearly defined limit state is attained. Such limit states are, for example, the plastic mechanism, the plastic moment, the overall or component buckling load, fracture, fatigue, deflection, vibration, etc. Not all of these limit states cause "collapse" in the popular sense, and so it is appropriate to define strength as "the limit state which determines the boundary of structural usefulness."
TRUMP CALLS OUT COLUMNS WHEN DISCUSSING THE CIA
NO COINCIDENCES!!!!!!